Explore the institutional clients—corporate treasuries, insurance companies, pension funds, mutual funds, hedge funds, endowments, trusts, and investment management firms—that represent the buy side in the financial markets.
The primary suppliers of capital in the marketplace are retail investors, institutional investors, and foreign investors. Users of capital, on the other hand, are typically businesses and governments. Individuals also use capital for consumer financing products such as home mortgages, car loans, and credit cards.
The companies and organizations that connect and move capital between suppliers and users of capital are known as financial intermediaries. In well-developed capital markets like Canada’s, these intermediaries are referred to as the buy side.
Institutional clients are legal entities that represent the collective financial interests of a large group of investors. They have a fiduciary responsibility to manage members’ assets, which can range into millions of dollars. The primary goals vary but may include:
The types of institutional clients in the market are vast, and they each have unique characteristics and needs.
A corporate treasury department manages a company’s financial assets to support its business activities. It deals with everything from general financial management to complex funding and risk management activities. For instance, they might hedge the currency risk of a foreign subsidiary or find the most inexpensive capital by selling equity or debt.
Insurance companies take premiums from policyholders and use them to fund potential losses. The process for selecting risks and setting premiums is known as underwriting. The premiums collected are reinvested into the company’s portfolio. Insurance companies engage dealers to help with activities like buying and selling securities, market research, and hedging interest rate risks.
Pension funds manage a pool of assets to supply beneficiaries with income during their retirement years. Whether public (e.g., Ontario Teachers’ Pension Plan) or private, these funds engage dealers for buying and selling securities and market research.
A mutual fund is a pool of assets managed for the benefit of its unitholders. Dealers help mutual funds with the buying and selling of securities, market research, and hedging of various risks.
Like mutual funds, hedge funds are pools of assets managed for unitholders’ benefits but are not tightly regulated. They utilize dealers for a variety of services, including trading in equities, bonds, derivatives, and conducting market research.
Endowments are pools of assets created from donations to support organizational goals, such as funding scholarships or medical supplies. They have the flexibility to use any investment strategy deemed fitting by fund custodians. Dealers assist with securities trading, market research, and risk hedging.
Trusts are pools of assets created for the benefit of another party, often for reasons like tax planning or estate management. Trusts utilize dealers for trading activities and market research, much like other institutional clients.
These firms manage investments for institutional clients, offering services through various channels like pooled investment funds and segregated accounts. Dealers help these firms by providing trading and research services and hedging various risks.
Institutional clients on the buy side manage large amounts of capital, aiming to achieve specific investment goals on behalf of their members or beneficiaries. They leverage services from dealers to buy and sell securities, conduct market research, and hedge risks.
Dealers assist institutional clients by facilitating the buying and selling of securities, providing market research and insights, and offering risk management through hedging strategies.
Glossary
flowchart TD
A[Suppliers of Capital] -->|Retail Investors| B[Buy Side]
A -->|Institutional Investors| B
A -->|Foreign Investors| B
B --> C[Financial Intermediaries]
C --> D[Users of Capital]
D -->|Businesses| E
D -->|Governments| E
D -->|Individuals (Consumer Financing)| E
Last updated: 2023
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